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The High Middle Ages of Scotland encompass Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III in 1286, which was an indirect cause of the Scottish Wars of Independence. At the close of the ninth century various competing kingdoms occupied the territory of modern Scotland, with Scandinavian influence dominant in the northern and western islands, Brythonic culture in the southwest, the Anglo-Saxon or English Kingdom of Northumbria in the southeast and the Pictish and Gaelic Kingdom of Alba in the east, north of the River Forth. By the tenth and eleventh centuries, northern Great Britain was increasingly dominated by Gaelic culture, and by the Gaelic regal lordship of ''Alba'', known in Latin as either ''Albania'' or ''Scotia'', and in English as "Scotland". From its base in the east, this kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the south and ultimately the west and much of the north. It had a flourishing culture, comprising part of the larger Gaelic-speaking world and an economy dominated by agriculture and trade. After the twelfth-century reign of King David I, the Scottish monarchs are better described as Scoto-Norman than Gaelic, preferring French culture to native Scottish culture. A consequence was the spread of French institutions and social values including Canon law. The first towns, called burghs, appeared in the same era, and as they spread, so did the Middle English language. These developments were offset by the acquisition of the Norse-Gaelic west and the Gaelicisation of many of the noble families of French and Anglo-French origin. National cohesion was fostered with the creation of various unique religious and cultural practices. By the end of the period, Scotland experienced a "Gaelic revival", which created an integrated Scottish national identity. By 1286 these economic, institutional, cultural, religious and legal developments had brought Scotland closer to its neighbours in England and the Continent, although outsiders continued to view Scotland as a provincial, even savage place. By this date the Kingdom of Scotland had political boundaries that closely resembled those of the modern nation. ==Historiography== Scotland in the High Middle Ages is a relatively well-studied topic and Scottish medievalists have produced a wide variety of publications. Some, such as David Dumville, Thomas Owen Clancy and Dauvit Broun, are primarily interested in the native cultures of the country, and often have linguistic training in the Celtic languages.〔("Professor David Dumville" ). University of Aberdeen. Retrieved 11 February 2012.〕〔("Prof Thomas Clancy" ). University of Glasgow. Retrieved 11 February 2012.〕 Normanists, such as G.W.S. Barrow, are concerned with the Norman and Scoto-Norman cultures introduced to Scotland after the eleventh century. For much of the twentieth century, historians tended to stress the cultural change that took place in Scotland during this time.〔("The Paradox of Medieval Scotland: 1093-1286" ). University of Glasgow and partners. Retrieved 11 February 2012.〕 However, scholars such as Cynthia Neville and Richard Oram, while not ignoring cultural changes, argue that continuity with the Gaelic past was just as, if not more, important.〔e.g. Oram, ''The Lordship of Galloway'' (2000); Boardman & Ross (eds.) ''The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland'' (2003); Neville, ''Native Lordship'' (2005).〕 Since the publication of ''Scandinavian Scotland'' by Barbara E. Crawford in 1987 there has been a growing volume of work dedicated to an understanding of Norse influence in this period. However, from 849 on, when Columba's relics were removed from Iona in the face of Viking incursions, written evidence from local sources in the areas under Scandinavian influence all but vanishes for three hundred years.〔Woolf (2006b) p. 94.〕 The sources for information about the Hebrides and indeed much of northern Scotland from the eighth to the eleventh century are thus almost exclusively Irish, English or Norse. The main Norse texts were written in the early thirteenth century and should be treated with care. The English and Irish sources are more contemporary, but according to historian Alex Woolf may have "led to a southern bias in the story", especially as much of the Hebridean archipelago became Norse-speaking during this period.〔Woolf (2007) p. 275.〕 There are various traditional clan histories dating from the nineteenth century such as the "monumental" ''The Clan Donald''〔Marsden (2008) p. 33 referring to MacDonald A. and MacDonald A. (1896-1904) ''The Clan Donald''. Inverness.〕 and a significant corpus of material from the Gaelic oral tradition that relates to this period, although their value is questionable.〔Graham-Campbell and Batey (1998) pp. 37–46.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scotland in the High Middle Ages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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